Kleider machen Leute: first paragraph

The first paragraph is now done! It looks like this:

Ka auaha ngā kākahu i ngā tāngata
Nō te rā waniwani o Nōema e haere ana he kaitui pōhara ki Goldach, ki te taone iti, ki te taone whai taonga, mā te huarahi. E itiiti ngā hāora o te tawhiti i Seldwyla ki reira. Ka hari te kaitui i te temani anake i tōna pākete. He rite tonu tāna romiromi i taua temani i ētahi pene kore i tāna te tia i ngā ringaringa ki ngā pākete i te makariri. Kua ngaro hoki ia i tana utu i te pēkerapu o tētahi tohunga kaitui o Seldwyla, ā, me haere ia i Seldwyla. He kai o te ata ētahi whārangi hukarere anake kua rere ki roto i tōna waha, ā, kāhore rawa ia e mōhio ana kei te kimi ia i te tina pōhara rawa atu hea. E kite ana ia he tino uaua tōna inoi, engari te āhua nei, kāore te inoi e taea rawa ana e ia, inā hoki e mau ana ia i te kahu hinauri, i te kahu nui, i te kahu kua tuia ma te hiraka pango, ki waho i tōna kākahu pai rawa atu, i tōna kākahu pango, i tōna kākahu anake, ā, e tuku ana tēnei kahu ki a ia i te āhua rangatira, e āta tiaki ana hoki tōnu makawe roa me tōna pāhau iti, ā, e hari ana ia i tōna kanohi kiritea, i tōna kanohi māori.

Any thoughts?

Kleider machen Leute: Vd

Back (yet again) to the fifth and last sentence of the first paragraph:

Das Fechten fiel ihm äußerst schwer, ja schien ihm gänzlich unmöglich, weil er über seinem schwarzen Sonntagskleide, welches sein einziges war, einen weiten dunkelgrauen Radmantel trug, mit schwarzem Samt ausgeschlagen, der seinem Träger ein edles und romantisches Aussehen verlieh, zumal dessen lange schwarze Haare und Schnurrbärtchen sorgfältig gepflegt waren und er sich blasser, aber regelmäßiger Gesichtszüge erfreute.

The bit up to and including the 'mit schwarzen Samt ausgeschlagen' clause came in the last three posts (now using hinauri for dark-grey):

E kite ana ia he tino uaua tōna inoi, engari te āhua nei, kāore te inoi e taea rawa ana e ia, inā hoki e mau ana ia i te kahu hinauri, i te kahu nui, i te kahu kua tuia ma te hiraka pango, ki waho i tōna kākahu pai rawa atu, i tōna kākahu pango, i tōna kākahu anake …

I now need to add the relative clause 'der seinem Träger ein edles und romantisches Aussehen verlieh'.

Subject: der (a relative pronoun referring to the cloak)
Verb: verlieh ['lent' - past tense]
Direct Object: ein edles und romantisches Aussehen ['a noble and romantic look' - romantic in the eighteenth century sense]
Indirect Object: seinem Träger [its wearer]

So I need to insert the following (tuku = to present (which word to use for 'verlieh' [lent] is a big question) and āhua rangatira = noble aspect):

e tuku ana tēnei kahu ki a ia i te āhua rangatira

I've missed out the 'romantisches Aussehen' [romantic look] as I can't seem to find a word for romantic with the right sense.

Rather than a relative clause I will just join them with a conjunction:

E kite ana ia he tino uaua tōna inoi, engari te āhua nei, kāore te inoi e taea rawa ana e ia, inā hoki e mau ana ia i te kahu hinauri, i te kahu nui, i te kahu kua tuia ma te hiraka pango, ki waho i tōna kākahu pai rawa atu, i tōna kākahu pango, i tōna kākahu anake, ā,e tuku ana tēnei kahu ki a ia i te āhua rangatira …

The next sentence is prefixed by 'zumal' [particularly] and refers back to the wearer of the cloak with the possessive pronoun 'dessen'.

Subject: dessen lange schwarze Haare und Schnurrbärtchen [whose long black hair and little moustache] = tōna makawe roa me tōna pāhau iti
Verb: gepflegt waren [was tended] = tiaki
Adverb: sorgfältig [carefully] = āta (preposed)

So, as an active sentence:

e āta tiaki ana ia i tōna makawe roa me tōna pāhau iti

And as passive, dropping the agent:

e āta tiaki ana tōna makawe roa me tōna pāhau iti

And adding it on, with hoki connecting it as a cause of the previous clause:

E kite ana ia he tino uaua tōna inoi, engari te āhua nei, kāore te inoi e taea rawa ana e ia, inā hoki e mau ana ia i te kahu hinauri, i te kahu nui, i te kahu kua tuia ma te hiraka pango, ki waho i tōna kākahu pai rawa atu, i tōna kākahu pango, i tōna kākahu anake, ā, e tuku ana tēnei kahu ki a ia i te āhua rangatira, e āta tiaki ana hoki tōnu makawe roa me tōna pāhau iti …

The last clause breaks down as follows:

Subject: er = ia
Verb: erfreute [enjoy/be blessed with] = hari ?
Object: blasser, aber regelmäßiger Gesichtszüge [pale but regular facial features] = kanohi kiritea, kanohi māori (I haven't figure out how to do the 'aber' [but] so apposition will have to do)

So finally:

E kite ana ia he tino uaua tōna inoi, engari te āhua nei, kāore te inoi e taea rawa ana e ia, inā hoki e mau ana ia i te kahu hinauri, i te kahu nui, i te kahu kua tuia ma te hiraka pango, ki waho i tōna kākahu pai rawa atu, i tōna kākahu pango, i tōna kākahu anake, ā, e tuku ana tēnei kahu ki a ia i te āhua rangatira, e āta tiaki ana hoki tōnu makawe roa me tōna pāhau iti, ā, e hari ana ia i tōna kanohi kiritea, i tōna kanohi māori.

Any thoughts?

Kleider machen Leute: Vc

Back (again) to the fifth and last sentence of the first paragraph:

Das Fechten fiel ihm äußerst schwer, ja schien ihm gänzlich unmöglich, weil er über seinem schwarzen Sonntagskleide, welches sein einziges war, einen weiten dunkelgrauen Radmantel trug, mit schwarzem Samt ausgeschlagen, der seinem Träger ein edles und romantisches Aussehen verlieh, zumal dessen lange schwarze Haare und Schnurrbärtchen sorgfältig gepflegt waren und er sich blasser, aber regelmäßiger Gesichtszüge erfreute.

The bit up to and including the 'weil' clause came in the last two posts:

E kite ana ia he tino uaua tōna inoi, engari te āhua nei, kāore te inoi e taea rawa ana e ia, inā hoki e mau ana ia i te kahu pango, i te kahu nui, ki waho i tōna kākahu pai rawa atu, i tōna kākahu pango …

I now need to add the relative clause 'welches sein einziges war' to his sunday best (tōna kākahu pai rawa atu) [in the previous post I think I referred to this as apposition but it's actually a relative clause]. So I need to insert the following:

he tōna kākahu anake

Which I can do as apposition, as I already have a series in apposition for the adjectives at the end:

E kite ana ia he tino uaua tōna inoi, engari te āhua nei, kāore te inoi e taea rawa ana e ia, inā hoki e mau ana ia i te kahu pango, i te kahu nui, ki waho i tōna kākahu pai rawa atu, i tōna kākahu pango, i tōna kākahu anake …

The next clause, 'mit schwarzen Samt ausgeschlagen' [decorated/embroidered with black silk], is a comment on kahu. The word tāniko seems to mean both to embroider and ornamental embroidery on cloaks. So I could just add i te kahu tāniko but that would mean ignoring the black silk part. Silk is hiraka, so (using the pseudo-passive):

he mea tāniko te kahu ma te hiraka pango [the cloak is embroidered with black silk]

or as passive (using tui(-a) as I don't know the passive suffix for tāniko):

kua tuia te kahu ma te hiraka pango

Now, how do I turn this into a relative clause? I think I just need to drop the te kahu and place the passive clause after where te kahu appears, so:

E kite ana ia he tino uaua tōna inoi, engari te āhua nei, kāore te inoi e taea rawa ana e ia, inā hoki e mau ana ia i te kahu pango, i te kahu nui, i te kahu kua tuia ma te hiraka pango, ki waho i tōna kākahu pai rawa atu, i tōna kākahu pango, i tōna kākahu anake …

Which leaves the other relative clauses for my next post(s).

Any thoughts?

Kleider machen Leute: Vb

Back to the fifth and last sentence of the first paragraph:

Das Fechten fiel ihm äußerst schwer, ja schien ihm gänzlich unmöglich, weil er über seinem schwarzen Sonntagskleide, welches sein einziges war, einen weiten dunkelgrauen Radmantel trug, mit schwarzem Samt ausgeschlagen, der seinem Träger ein edles und romantisches Aussehen verlieh, zumal dessen lange schwarze Haare und Schnurrbärtchen sorgfältig gepflegt waren und er sich blasser, aber regelmäßiger Gesichtszüge erfreute.

The first bit before the 'weil' became in the last post:

E kite ana ia he tino uaua tōna inoi, engari te āhua nei, kāore te inoi e taea rawa ana e ia …

The next part is a clause giving the reason ('weil' = 'because') with associated apposition and relative clauses. The basic underlying clause is:

weil er über seinem schwarzen Sonntagskleide […] einen weiten dunkelgrauen Radmantel trug

The bit skipped in the middle is in apposition to 'Sonntagskleide' and what follows (up to 'zumal') is an adverbial clause and a relative clause referring back to 'Radmantel'. The last part ('zumal' onwards) gives reasons for the last relative clause. But let's start with the basic clause:

Subject: er = ia
Verb: trug = e mau ana (progressive aspect)
Object: einen weiten dunkelgrauen Radmantel = he kahu pango, he kahu nui
— Radmantel = kahu [a cloak is quite accurate, I think]
— dunkel = pango [can't figure out dark-'grey']
— weit = nui [works for 'broad' in this context, I think]

Leaving out the prepositional phrase, it is:

e mau ana ia i te kahu pango, i te kahu nui

The prepositional phrase 'über seinem schwarzen Sonntagskleide' [over his black sunday best] requires a locative noun phrase I think.

sein Sonntagskleid = tōna kākahu pai rawa atu

So the sentence 'the cloak was over his best clothes' would, I think, be:

I waho te kahu i tōna kākahu pai rawa atu

And adding the colour, black:

I waho te kahu i tōna kākahu pai rawa atu, i tōna kākahu pango

Now I have to insert this into the sentence as a locative comment:

e mau ana ia i te kahu pango, i te kahu nui, ki waho i tōna kākahu pai rawa atu, i tōna kākahu pango

So I now have the following if I join it to the first clauses with inā hoki ['seeing that']:

E kite ana ia he tino uaua tōna inoi, engari te āhua nei, kāore te inoi e taea rawa ana e ia, inā hoki e mau ana ia i te kahu pango, i te kahu nui, ki waho i tōna kākahu pai rawa atu, i tōna kākahu pango …

Which leaves me with the apposition, relative clauses, etc still to do ;-)

Any thoughts?

Kleider machen Leute: Va

The fifth and last sentence of the first paragraph is:

Das Fechten fiel ihm äußerst schwer, ja schien ihm gänzlich unmöglich, weil er über seinem schwarzen Sonntagskleide, welches sein einziges war, einen weiten dunkelgrauen Radmantel trug, mit schwarzem Samt ausgeschlagen, der seinem Träger ein edles und romantisches Aussehen verlieh, zumal dessen lange schwarze Haare und Schnurrbärtchen sorgfältig gepflegt waren und er sich blasser, aber regelmäßiger Gesichtszüge erfreute.

This is a key sentence for the book as a whole as it sets up the trigger for the entire plot. In this post, I will start with the first clause:

Das Fechten fiel ihm äußerst schwer, …

Which is literally: 'the begging was falling extremely hard to him'. I'm going to flip this around so that 'he' is the subject, and I'll use the verb kite [to find, see]. So it will start:

E kite ana ia [he was finding/seeing]

The object clause is: 'das Fechten war äußerst schwer'. This, by itself, would be:

He tino uaua te inoi

That is, He [predicate] [subject] where the predicate (äußerst schwer) is tino uaua and the subject is the verb inoi nominalised with the article te. My understanding of nominalisation is that a single instance requires the nominalisation suffix but repeated doesn't. (See Harlow 2001, p206 ff.) In this case, I don't think a specific instance of begging is being referred to but his begging in general.

If we now join these together we get:

E kite ana ia he tino uaua te inoi

Which is saying that he found/saw that begging was extremely difficult. What is missing is the linking of the begging as his begging — ie I've missed the subject of the verb in the nominalisation. This is done by changing the article to be possessive (I think inoi is intransitive so o-type possession is required):

E kite ana ia he tino uaua tōna inoi

The next clause, 'ja schien ihm gänzlich unmöglich', effectively qualifies the 'äußerst schwer' [extremely difficult] as even 'gänzlich unmöglich' [completely impossible] — the verb 'schien' = seemed/looked. By itself, the predicate of this clause would be:

Kāore te inoi e taea rawa ana e ia.

This is a negative transformation of:

E taea rawa ana te inoi e ia.

The 'gänzlich' is given by the manner particle rawa. The verb taea is equivalent to 'können' [to be able] and takes a type of passive construction, so this is literally: 'he is/was completely unable to beg'. Broken down into components:

[E taea rawa ana]verb-predicate [te inoi]patient [e ia]agent

The negative transformation involves inserting kāore at the start and moving the patient to just before the verb. The verb 'schien' might be translated using the idiom te āhua nei [it would seem/it looks like]. In this case the clause as a whole would be:

Te āhua nei, kāore te inoi e taea rawa ana e ia.

The two clauses can be joined by engari 'but/indeed/actually':

E kite ana ia he tino uaua tōna inoi, engari te āhua nei, kāore te inoi e taea rawa ana e ia …

The rest can wait for my next post. Any thoughts?

Kleider machen Leute: IVb

Now for the rest of the fourth sentence.

… er sah noch weniger ab, wo das geringste Mittagsbrot herwachsen sollte.

Before breaking it down, I want to rework the source sentence, whose two parts separated by the comma are essentially: "he foresees still less [,] where the most meagre lunch shall sprout from." This is fairly idiomatic. I think I'll rework the first part to "er weiß überhaupt nicht" [he doesn't really know] and the second part to "wo er das geringste Mittagsbrot finden wird" [where he will find the most meagre lunch].

Subject: er = ia
Verb: weiß = mōhio
Adverb: überhaupt = rawa

This is a negative phrase and I'll use a progressive aspect (e … ana) so:

Kāhore rawa ia e mōhio ana …

Breaking down the subordinate clause:

wo [where/at what place] = hea
finden = kimi (my understanding of the words listed in the dictionary for 'find' is that kite is more 'recognise' and kimi is more 'look for')
Mittagsbrot = tina
most meagre = pōhara rawa atu

The subordinate clause takes kei te as verbal particle because it is future [wird], the object takes the particle i, and hea goes to the end, so:

kei te kimi ia i te tina pōhara rawa atu hea

So the sentence becomes:

Kāhore rawa ia e mōhio ana kei te kimi ia i te tina pōhara rawa atu hea.

Joining this to the first part from the previous post:

He kai o te ata ētahi whārangi hukarere anake kua rere ki roto i tōna waha, ā, kāhore rawa ia e mōhio ana kei te kimi ia i te tina pōhara rawa atu hea.

Note, my understanding is that commas are generally used only to separate 'sentences' with the conjunction ā also separated by commas.

Any thoughts?

Kleider machen Leute: IVa

Now for the fourth sentence, actually two sentences joined by 'und' [and].

Er hatte noch nichts gefrühstückt als eigene Schneeflocken, die ihm in den Mund geflogen, und er sah noch weniger ab, wo das geringste Mittagsbrot herwachsen sollte.

Before breaking the first sentence down, I'll transform its main clause from a verbal sentence to a sentence of possession (ie from 'he had breakfasted on' to 'his breakfast had been'):

Sein Frühstück war noch nichts als eigene Schneeflocken gewesen, die ihm in den Mund geflogen, und er sah noch weniger ab, wo das geringste Mittagsbrot herwachsen sollte.

So, breaking this first sentence down:

Subject: sein Frühstück = tāna kai o te ata
Subject Predicate: noch nichts als eigene Schneeflocken = ētahi [some] whārangi hukarere [snowflakes] + anake [only - I'm cheating here again]
Relative clause (referring to predicate): die [Schneeflocken] ihm in den Mund geflogen
— in den Mund = ki roto [into] i tōna waha [his mouth]
— geflogen in = kua [perfect particle] rere [fly]

Copulating sentences in te reo māori seem to be of this form in general:

He [predicate] [subject]

The predicate is just a noun without a determiner, and so it seems to me that the standard is to have the more general class in the predicate and the more specific instance as the subject. So: 'the house is a mansion' would be 'He mansion the house' rather than 'He house a mansion'. I could be wrong. But if I'm right then the basic sentence, without relative clause becomes:

He kai o te ata ētahi whārangi hukarere anake.

The relative clause as a separate sentence would be:

Kua rere ētahi whārangi hukarere ki roto i tōna waha.

To combine them we drop the subject from the relative clause and place the remainder of the relative clause after its head (in this case the subject of our main clause):

He kai o te ata ētahi whārangi hukarere anake kua rere ki roto i tōna waha.

That completes the first sentence. I'll leave the rest for my next post.

Any thoughts?